ࡱ> UWT@ jbjb&& &4DD;KlHHHH8 4H3) (((((((,+ -)%%%)] ] ] ] %(] "&"%(] ] 1&($HH '( 3)3)'6i.] i.(]  Anatomy & PHYSIOLOGY  Study Guide for: Nervous System and Senses List the functions of the nervous system. Understand the following terms: Dendrites, Cell Body (soma), Axon, Collaterals, Terminal Processes (synaptic terminals) Resting membrane potential, Action Potential, Threshold potential, Graded potential Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization Central vs. Peripheral nervous system, afferent vs. efferent Somatic vs. Autonomic (sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic) Common neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Epinephrine / norepinephrine, Dopamine, Seratonin, GABA Cholinergic (muscarine vs. nicotinic) vs. adrenergic Agonist vs. Antagonist Describe the following cells and their functions and locations in the nervous system: Neuroglia oligodendroglia microldlia Astrocytes ependymal cells satellite cells Schwann cells Compare and contrast myelinated and unmyelinated neurons. Classify neurons structurally and functionally: Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar, Anaxonic Sensory, motor, interneuron Axolemma vs. neurolemma Reflex Arc: Stimulus- Receptor- Afferent pathway (sensory)- Integrating center (CNS, interneurons)- Efferent Pathway ( somatic or visceral motor)- Effector- Response Explain how conduction crosses a synapse. Divergence, Convergence, serial vs, parallel processing, reverberation Explain how conduction moves down the membrane of a neuron Describe briefly how neurons can successfully regenerate. Describe a typical peripheral nerve using the following terms: Endoneurium Fascicle Perineurium epineurium Define and describe the function or purpose of the following terms: Ganglia, Nerves, Nucleus (nuclei) Gray Matter, White Matter Describe the following disorders: Rabies Demyelination Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Meningitis Areflexia Hyperreflexis Hyporeflexia Brain & Cranial Nerves Development: Neural tube -prosencephalon -Telencephalan -Cerebrum (cephalic) -Diencephalan -Diencephalan -Mesencephalan -Mesencephalan -Mid brain of brain stem -Rhombencephalon -Metencephalon -Pons of brain stem &Cerebellum -Medulla Oblongata of brain stem (Caudal) -Spinal cord -Spinal cord -Spinal cord Brain Features Ventricles: (Lateral (2), 3rd, & 4th), aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct), septum pellucidum, Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) central canal Cranial Meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia Meter, Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebellie, Superior & Inferior sagittal sinuses, Transverse sinus Cerbrospinal Fluid (CFS): Choroid plexus, Blood- brain barrier, Lateral & median apertures, arachnoid granulations Blood Supply : Primary input= internal carotid arteries & vertebral arteries Primary output= Internal Jugular veins Describe the function and composition of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Trace CSF from formation to exit into the blood. Brain Regions/ Components Cerebrum Cerebrum hemispheres, cerebral cortex Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, insula Parieto-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus, transverse fissure Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus), Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Primary Auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, gustatory cortex, prefrontal cortex Brocas Area, Wernickes Area Central White Matter, corpus callosum, anterior commissure Association, commissural, projection & arcuate fibers Basal Nuclei Includes: caudate nucleus, amygdaloid body (amygdala), lentiform nucleus Diencephalon: Epithalamus w/ pineal gland, melatonin Thalamus w/ interthalamic adhesion, thalamic nuclei Hypothalamus (connects to pituitary gland via infundibulum) Know the many and varied functions Mesencephalon: (or midbrain) Cerebral peduncles Superior colliculus (visual) & Inferior colliculus (auditory)= corpora quadrigemina Substantia nigra Nuclei for cranial nerves III & IV Pons: Involuntary respiratory centers (apneustic and pneumotaxic centers) Nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, & VIII Medulla oblongata: Cardiovascular centers & Respiratory rhythmic centers Nuclei for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII Cerebellum: Arbor vitae, vermis, Purkinje cells *Limbic System: Cerebral components=hippocampus, amygdaloid body, + others Diencephalic components=thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies Know the 12 cranial nerves, what they control, and their location. Be able to identify on a model. Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Posterior median sulcus, anterior median fissure, central canal Anterior, posterior, & lateral gray horns, gray commissure Anterior, posterior, & lateral white columns (funiculus) Vental and dorsal roots, dorsal root ganglia, spinal nerve Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, pia meter (same as brain) Cervical nerves(8 prs), thoracic ns(12 prs), lumbar #s(5 prs), sacral #s(5 prs)& coccygeal n. Conus medullaris, cauda equina, filum terminale Sympathetic chain ganglia (nerves), thoracolumbar (T1-L2) Parasympathetic ganglia (pathway), craniosacral (III, VII, IX, X & S2-S4) Nerve plexus Be able to identify the components of a peripheral nerve from slide or diagram Be able to identify the different parts of the cross section of a spinal cord, including meneninges     Medical Health Pathway & Science @ West Hills High School )KWjnjt:;<>?ABDEGOJQJOJQJ>*H* CJOJQJ5CJ0OJQJ jU5CJ(OJQJ,KLvwCuK C Q R  ^`]KLvwCuK C Q R    5 p q    b ~{-.H`_01Ie5\]a\/    5 p q    b % & = K _ % & = K _lm >?pq@J󫥢ޖ~{x J T  O=>RShV&._lm >?pq@]J3Eij5ij789]3Eij5ij789:z)dxphe                        [\]*+_*+Oa&:z)d/y] & F]d/y;G ;=>@ACDFG$a$ (#] $1h/ =!"#$%% Dd : N  C *Aj0186002B.1"w̮e4KE_D0TW@jHLW*] a~% \>"8<*'vxeZxVǶg=Bp%XpK; Z,+n E ^ܭ@R<8?o1猝=^;JysgObzbz<=}y8.\3Sq$ܝnws*];J _b2Os.3W7[̬2l-3]DH3@ۛj:跦&0axjj SL 0QB>L:yjR TV_mTyJEycb= ϟf硙gz{n:Od\7~<>;)TԔa>dOa9]^OX4w0½rtW5;%ImwH}=n^t[۬_&m9:[ҭέ)rM>c2קL.}IO{4'O;v'2LqwMd!Vl/SqZ|ϲP,IJNeIho;ZV.iM9-F>E Gt\rU7-.u<\IOzޖ"$rf!Հs-uCZ79\ ?n J 䦢n6h5MGK7uQυ /4"karsԕ<8nָDAlwqq8末 ..D=.ӎˮ1fD/>Y~a?uae6E㕋gOuD5k5+]VI4?5~oWh;Qk-m{ lwzZǖ6Zh ZJhqݩMZTjY]:O$môvD;jue9_:)P Os.U]SXnJ0K݀zH[l3tcn7 ^GgeCrW7|t%O$yS01}6rNt6{і[hpMIs"jG6oPQ< ~$QU򣞔D )R%PFjGQ G _(]X d4h½l=mO!+}n/TGmo @A@'t[]NI?%eL2OirBu)'%0ؗ'1l" Nd]$64D8WY/ اfc2w0ڼI3yҹҙ92`%*'f<71F"w2L`9W#ݍb@;g%&"Y6A4m)4UʏrmVis26Tюv9i˥ٮc4䃽HQ7 g9,(ei͊Fzյ;Rw+ h\hqiJy'{,\O݁ ilXL{{cL Ѭζ(m1Z CMJo֞?!Bb(݂9t݆Et#zaqGƇxU{kNU4QF2ZW5Ҟ6Xڮ!^ e-֥GKϩWRܴp&'0%h23"] ~ʸ:aI ۡ/@Uˊ mԴPEEP"uci8D%j7c݁v??ݩ~v5Møo;k2Ol=l%Q&Gvt>*yZkSa͌6;~|y5#3jSS{׼P*RY41M5K}'TwP lkG3`ϩ5o郯QPe9 P Ј}Z+:![7j+^#%1oIRGkW65L S)F55NV޲t%&jI4 u5X {TS"zM6HG}1stOh0X4%QmaPzq~MD}CM"(dQ)ȇȅȁȎ|_A؆`8~ gXCl$;q-GpGqx<AU:sZ}ԘhJO-qv[ΌaEf)if0Vf ,כgYB_Kf ӸcWkg<8Eb'}#m^6I#dwvӬ@-Qq6PD :Quey 0d·%]9^~>IY5RHPETQ?%:4ff}5$>~"818G[M,/:hsB{K?mqWaE$˿켖OPP\ԁ`'5"ۗsn/h8,B=`)~kS/.xpLڱp_ ~el`Dl\و{XjwrN/mB4ka)u] q¶ms@)Co<,,JTj+0w!m4fقﭩaN` ==e|}EM}s;}9q6o~˓lm8-cȈumP ul5f$ePlP(7_!w!=\N' Wj]i0L,3t޳Es|D '4kЎȢG'#qnGy zUjX_ڕ墝hojݴ?n=}50 nhPG>l[dgıil)|c— %yc}B0'[tse~/cus_{y#aS2W*wy}]//|K᧟&7 ҆ʴ> 6Au$1.nzh̅%3Ruݵy5y՘0{(Cp,b+r1dH./`G-QR!Tqg]1Glβ -&mQ4f-o})Y!+PDdƳߟK;FӞ>ݖ!g7|ŽA12xQPj;#dBvZ&fixaF+ay,s3c_%YLfOc!j|?H_1aHu%ewYy(圼EV3SÞ{}E'i[r7>17+FfM418얽nw[&G9)7\tu+)]V*`_c_]{Q>>N.zr̖6ɨce>H-R_&ϐ:RJ^/KBk@oG' u&sڻ?W不JgG-).^:Z@]+ lrT@،9WrqB;,b1ٵ|߉T;p)kjW>4[W@^s?`yj WE޸rl+&_\^k<*D.!}5)+^Enj2mKGEiK mgXK'+UӖA6[~TB]E^kO?6,5Zkׁ,Z!;uY䋥T7g=W6BZEfvg=A6 A\;zPv@yۂJʴ=|BUB XmY'5'XAƠ>B\zYcC[?h y!< E Bg<5Iy4 ԲrKk mC~M@\!-e~~'Pcjhs|ڤbS08T#W%0P2TPQ=6g,FJ-eGUyTįciƶ#O>+lFx=!֝潿BxO%^H,vbtT5qDs:]td-<`;w8N qU} (9~E,}~99,GZTW&Hr)&L9dcšf59_o(1E6ߚgD%A3JP-*)kr#eDTY s)2b1_/.{ Q]3Fp21Sd|]ZNq-sFXxs)̷gy)KmS$KINVF(+IQj8#@Ff4-yql ! 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